Sugarproof Science

Here we provide the details and links to the research studies cited in the book organized by Chapter. For each citation, the text in bold refers to the relevant text from the Chapter

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151. Dietary sugar, especially from beverages, is associated with a generalized inflammatory state

O'Connor, L, Imamura, F, Brage, S, Griffin, SJ, Wareham, NJ, and Forouhi, NG. “Intakes and sources of dietary sugars and their association with metabolic and inflammatory markers”. Clin Nutr, 2018. 37(4): p. 1313-1322.

152. If you drink sugary beverages on a daily basis, your CRP can shoot up between 60 and 100 percent

Aeberli, I, Gerber, PA, Hochuli, M, Kohler, S, Haile, SR, Gouni-Berthold, I, Berthold, HK, Spinas, GA, and Berneis, K. “Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial”. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 94(2): p. 479-85.

153. Dietary sugar, especially from beverages, is associated with a generalized inflammatory state

Della Corte, KW, Perrar, I, Penczynski, KJ, Schwingshackl, L, Herder, C, and Buyken, AE. “Effect of Dietary Sugar Intake on Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies”. Nutrients, 2018. 10(5).

154. An analysis of ten different studies concluded that sugary beverage consumption was associated with a 35 percent increase in risk for increased uric acid and gout

Ebrahimpour-Koujan, S, Saneei, P, Larijani, B, and Esmaillzadeh, A. “Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and dietary fructose in relation to risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2020. 60(1): p. 1-10.

155. In detailed feeding studies, an increase in uric acid was due to increased fructose in particular

Cox, CL, Stanhope, KL, Schwarz, JM, Graham, JL, Hatcher, B, Griffen, SC, Bremer, AA, Berglund, L, McGahan, JP, Keim, NL, and Havel, PJ. “Consumption of fructose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases circulating concentrations of uric acid, retinol binding protein-4, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in overweight/obese humans”. Nutr Metab (Lond), 2012. 9(1): p. 68.

156. Sugar can contribute to menstrual irregularities

Faghfoori, Z, Fazelian, S, Shadnoush, M, and Goodarzi, R. “Nutritional management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A review study”. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2017. 11 Suppl 1: p. S429-S432.

157. Sugar can contribute to menstrual irregularities

Roberts, JS, Perets, RA, Sarfert, KS, Bowman, JJ, Ozark, PA, Whitworth, GB, Blythe, SN, and Toporikova, N. “High-fat high-sugar diet induces polycystic ovary syndrome in a rodent model”. Biol Reprod, 2017.

158. A large study of Chinese teenagers found that daily soft drink consumption significantly increases the risk of moderate to severe acne

Huang, X, Zhang, J, Li, J, Zhao, S, Xiao, Y, Huang, Y, Jing, D, Chen, L, Zhang, X, Su, J, Kuang, Y, Zhu, W, Chen, M, Chen, X, and Shen, M. “Daily Intake of Soft Drinks and Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris in Chinese Adolescents”. J Pediatr, 2018.

159. In a study of 139 sets of twins, the twin with higher sugar intake had more acne

Suggs, A, Loesch, M, Ezaldein, H, Christensen, L, Dawes, D, and Baron, E. “An Acne Survey from the World's Largest Annual Gathering of Twins”. J Drugs Dermatol, 2018. 17(4): p. 380-382.

160. Other research suggests that a number of dietary factors are related to acne, including added sugar, total sugar, foods that are high on the glycemic index, number of milk servings per day, saturated fat and trans-fatty acids, and fewer servings of fish per day

Burris, J, Rietkerk, W, and Woolf, K. “Relationships of self-reported dietary factors and perceived acne severity in a cohort of New York young adults”. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2014. 114(3): p. 384-92.

161. A low-glycemic diet appears to reduce acne, with a significant improvement in skin lesions

Smith, RN, Mann, NJ, Braue, A, Makelainen, H, and Varigos, GA. “A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial”. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007. 86(1): p. 107-15.

162. Some preliminary studies have shown a link between high sugary beverage consumption and shrinkage of telomere length, and one provocative study in a small sample of children showed that this shrinkage can already start to happen in the first few years of life

Wojcicki, JM, Medrano, R, Lin, J, and Epel, E. “Increased Cellular Aging by 3 Years of Age in Latino, Preschool Children Who Consume More Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Pilot Study”. Child Obes, 2018. 14(3): p. 149-157.

163. One large analysis found that fructose in particular was significantly associated with increased lifelong risk of pancreatic cancer

Aune, D, Chan, DS, Vieira, AR, Navarro Rosenblatt, DA, Vieira, R, Greenwood, DC, Cade, JE, Burley, VJ, and Norat, T. “Dietary fructose, carbohydrates, glycemic indices and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies”. Ann Oncol, 2012. 23(10): p. 2536-46.

164. Another report pooled results across fourteen different studies and showed a 20 percent risk of pancreatic cancer due to carbonated sugary beverage intake

Genkinger, JM, Li, R, Spiegelman, D, Anderson, KE, Albanes, D, Bergkvist, L, Bernstein, L, Black, A, van den Brandt, PA, English, DR, Freudenheim, JL, Fuchs, CS, Giles, GG, Giovannucci, E, Goldbohm, RA, Horn-Ross, PL, Jacobs, EJ, Koushik, A, Mannisto, S, Marshall, JR, Miller, AB, Patel, AV, Robien, K, Rohan, TE, Schairer, C, Stolzenberg-Solomon, R, Wolk, A, Ziegler, RG, and Smith-Warner, SA. “Coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies”. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2012. 21(2): p. 305-18.

165. In another very large study in Australia in just over thirty-five thousand adults, increased intake of sugary beverages (more than one per day) increased risk of all obesity-related cancers (for example, colon cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, and prostate cancer) by 18 percent

Hodge, AM, Bassett, JK, Milne, RL, English, DR, and Giles, GG. “Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of obesity-related cancers”. Public Health Nutr, 2018. 21(9): p. 1618-1626.

Sugarproof