Sugarproof Science

Here we provide the details and links to the research studies cited in the book organized by Chapter. For each citation, the text in bold refers to the relevant text from the Chapter

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181. Studies show that kids who are raised in houses with healthy food rules make healthier food choices away from home

Wang, J and Fielding-Singh, P. “How Food Rules at Home Influence Independent Adolescent Food Choices”. J Adolesc Health, 2018. 63(2): p. 219-226.

182. In one of our previous studies, kids who were breastfed for at least twelve months had lower levels of obesity than those breastfed for less than twelve months. And this extended breastfeeding protected kids even if they were later drinking a lot of sugary beverages

Davis, JN, Whaley, SE, and Goran, MI. “Effects of breastfeeding and low sugar-sweetened beverage intake on obesity prevalence in Hispanic toddlers”. Am J Clin Nutr, 2012. 95(1): p. 3-8.

183. Fructose can be passed from mother to baby via breast milk, so it is important to limit the amount of added sugar, and especially fructose, in your own diet while you are breastfeeding

Berger, PK, Fields, DA, Demerath, EW, Fujiwara, H, and Goran, MI. “High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women”. Nutrients, 2018. 10(6).

184. In a series of studies at the University of San Francisco, children were put on low-sugar diets for nine days. Even over this short period of time, the kids showed significant improvements in metabolic health related to type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease

Schwarz, JM, Noworolski, SM, Erkin-Cakmak, A, Korn, NJ, Wen, MJ, Tai, VW, Jones, GM, Palii, SP, Velasco-Alin, M, Pan, K, Patterson, BW, Gugliucci, A, Lustig, RH, and Mulligan, K. “Effects of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children With Obesity”. Gastroenterology, 2017. 153(3): p. 743-752.

185. An economic analysis using data from 2014 estimated that globally, adult obesity cost $2.0 trillion annually, or 2.8 percent of the global gross domestic product

Tremmel, M, Gerdtham, UG, Nilsson, PM, and Saha, S. “Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review”. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017. 14(4).

186. In 2018, the World Health Organization reported that “in just 40 years the number of school-age children and adolescents with obesity has risen more than 10-fold” and asserted that “obesity in adulthood is a major risk factor for the world’s leading cases of poor health and early death”

“World Health Organization: Taking Action on Childhood Obesity Report”. 2018.

187. One study concluded that 57 percent of two-year-olds today will be obese by the time they’re thirty-five years old

Ward, ZJ, Long, MW, Resch, SC, Giles, CM, Cradock, AL, and Gortmaker, SL. “Simulation of Growth Trajectories of Childhood Obesity into Adulthood”. N Engl J Med, 2017. 377(22): p. 2145-2153.

188. Compared to similar cities nearby, Berkeley residents have cut sugary beverage consumption in half, down from an average of 1.25 times per day at baseline to 0.7 times per day

Lee, MM, Falbe, J, Schillinger, D, Basu, S, McCulloch, CE, and Madsen, KA. “Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption 3 Years After the Berkeley, California, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax”. Am J Public Health, 2019. 109(4): p. 637-639.

189. Follow-up studies show a 6 percent reduction in annual sales just in the first year. Lower-income households saw the even greater reduction rate of 9 percent

Colchero, MA, Molina, M, and Guerrero-Lopez, CM. “After Mexico Implemented a Tax, Purchases of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Decreased and Water Increased: Difference by Place of Residence, Household Composition, and Income Level”. J Nutr, 2017. 147(8): p. 1552-1557.

190. A report by the Milken Institute found that if Americans could reduce their sugary drink consumption by three drinks per month by the year 2030, we could reduce the number of obese Americans by 2.6 million

“Drink Different: Feasible Strategies to Reduce Obesity”. 2015, Milken Institute.

191. Coca-Cola actively engages with organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization to influence policy, trying to shift focus and blame away from sugary beverages as a health concern

Maani Hessari, N, Ruskin, G, M., M, and Stuckler, D. “Public Meets Private: Conversations Between Coca-Cola and the CDC”. Milbank Quarterly, 2019. 97(1): p. 74-90.

192. Compared to price increases and marketing changes, reformulating drinks would lead to the most benefits in reducing diabetes and obesity and improving oral health—and that children under the age of eighteen would benefit the most

Briggs, ADM, Mytton, OT, Kehlbacher, A, Tiffin, R, Elhussein, A, Rayner, M, Jebb, SA, Blakely, T, and Scarborough, P. “Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study”. Lancet Public Health, 2017. 2(1): p. e15-e22.

193. These warning labels are already starting to change the public’s perception of these food products and how often they purchase them

Correa, T, Fierro, C, Reyes, M, Dillman Carpentier, FR, Taillie, LS, and Corvalan, C. “Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children”. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2019. 16(1): p. 21.

194. Mathematical simulations show that these new labels are projected to prevent approximately one million cases of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes over the next twenty years, with a savings of $31 billion in healthcare costs and $60 billion in total costs to society. The simulations show that these benefits could be doubled if the labels are combined with efforts to reformulate products so that they contain less added sugar

Huang, Y, Kypridemos, C, Liu, J, Lee, Y, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Collins, B, Bandosz, P, Capewell, S, Whitsel, L, Wilde, P, Mozaffarian, D, O'Flaherty, M, Micha, R, and Food, PP. “Cost-Effectiveness of the US Food and Drug Administration Added Sugar Labeling Policy for Improving Diet and Health”. Circulation, 2019. 139(23): p. 2613-2624.

195. Legislators in the United States have proposed adding warning labels to sugary drinks, but it’s been a tough battle

“American Beverage Assoc. v. City and County of San Francisco, No. 16-16072 (9th Cir. 2019)”.

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