Sugarproof Science

Here we provide the details and links to the research studies cited in the book organized by Chapter. For each citation, the text in bold refers to the relevant text from the Chapter

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121. One out of every three kids growing up today will develop diabetes at some point in their lives. For Hispanics, the outlook is even worse, with one in two predicted to get the disease

Narayan, KMV, Boyle, JP, Thompson, TJ, Sorenson, SW, and Williamson, DF. “Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States”. JAMA, 2003. 290: p. 1994-1890.

122. This form of diabetes was unheard of in children until about twenty years ago. We first saw reports of it in children in the year 2000. Now, five thousand new cases are diagnosed in children each year

Mayer-Davis, EJ, Lawrence, JM, Dabelea, D, Divers, J, Isom, S, Dolan, L, Imperatore, G, Linder, B, Marcovina, S, Pettitt, DJ, Pihoker, C, Saydah, S, Wagenknecht, L, and Study, SfDiY. “Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002-2012”. N Engl J Med, 2017. 376(15): p. 1419-1429.

123. Our first major paper showed a relationship between sugary beverage intake in Hispanic kids and the ability of their beta cells in the pancreas to produce enough insulin to keep their blood glucose in check

Davis, JN, Ventura, EE, Weigensberg, MJ, Ball, GD, Cruz, ML, Shaibi, GQ, and Goran, MI. “The relation of sugar intake to beta cell function in overweight Latino children”. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 82(5): p. 1004-10.

124. Depending on how much sugar children are consuming, their diabetes risk can jump up by 18 to 26 percent

Malik, VS, Popkin, BM, Bray, GA, Despres, JP, Willett, WC, and Hu, FB. “Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis”. Diabetes Care, 2010. 33(11): p. 2477-83.

125. Depending on how much sugar children are consuming, their diabetes risk can jump up by 18 to 26 percent

Imamura, F, O'Connor, L, Ye, Z, Mursu, J, Hayashino, Y, Bhupathiraju, SN, and Forouhi, NG. “Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction”. BMJ, 2015. 351: p. h3576.

126. In a very large study that followed almost two hundred thousand adults over time, epidemiologists found that drinking fruit juice increases the risk of diabetes by about 10 percent; The same scientists looked at whole fruit and found that some fruits lowered risk, while others increased it. Blueberries in particular were the most protective, with three servings per week reducing risk for diabetes by 25 percent

Muraki, I, Imamura, F, Manson, JE, Hu, FB, Willett, WC, van Dam, RM, and Sun, Q. “Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies”. BMJ, 2013. 347: p. f5001.

127. A study conducted in youth with type 1 diabetes found that diabetic kids who consumed higher levels of LCS beverages actually had higher blood glucose levels as well as increased levels of cholesterol

Bortsov, AV, Liese, AD, Bell, RA, Dabelea, D, D'Agostino, RB, Jr., Hamman, RF, Klingensmith, GJ, Lawrence, JM, Maahs, DM, McKeown, R, Marcovina, SM, Thomas, J, Williams, DE, and Mayer-Davis, EJ. “Sugar-sweetened and diet beverage consumption is associated with cardiovascular risk factor profile in youth with type 1 diabetes”. Acta Diabetol, 2011. 48(4): p. 275-282.

128. All kids, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or weight status, became about 30 percent more insulin resistant in the middle of puberty

Goran, MI and Gower, BA. “Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance”. Diabetes, 2001. 50(11): p. 2444-50.

129. Cristin Kearns, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, discovered troves of historical documents on sugar-related research and found that trade groups paid top scientists at places like Harvard to publish influential papers and commentaries to downplay sugar’s hazardous effects

Kearns, CE, Schmidt, LA, and Glantz, SA. “Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents”. JAMA Intern Med, 2016. 176(11): p. 1680-1685.

130. A classic study in 1992 examined 150 kids who had died accidentally. The study found that even in children without any clinical signs of heart disease before death, fatty streaks were already building up in their aortas

Berenson, GS, Wattigney, WA, Tracy, RE, Newman, WP, 3rd, Srinivasan, SR, Webber, LS, Dalferes, ER, Jr., and Strong, JP. “Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study)”. Am J Cardiol, 1992. 70(9): p. 851-8.

131. One of the largest and clearest studies linking sugar to heart disease was published by researchers at Harvard in 2014

Yang, Q, Zhang, Z, Gregg, EW, Flanders, WD, Merritt, R, and Hu, FB. “Added Sugar Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality Among US Adults”. JAMA Intern Med, 2014.

132. According to a study that tracked eight thousand kids between the ages of two and eighteen, the average sugar intake is 118 grams per day – or 25 percent of all calories

Welsh, JA, Wang, Y, Figueroa, J, and Brumme, C. “Sugar intake by type (added vs. naturally occurring) and physical form (liquid vs. solid) and its varying association with children's body weight, NHANES 2009-2014”. Pediatric Obesity, 2018. 13(4): p. 213-221.

133. These studies clearly showed that it was excess fructose in the diet, but not excess glucose, that caused significant worsening of risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Stanhope, KL, Schwarz, JM, Keim, NL, Griffen, SC, Bremer, AA, Graham, JL, Hatcher, B, Cox, CL, Dyachenko, A, Zhang, W, McGahan, JP, Seibert, A, Krauss, RM, Chiu, S, Schaefer, EJ, Ai, M, Otokozawa, S, Nakajima, K, Nakano, T, Beysen, C, Hellerstein, MK, Berglund, L, and Havel, PJ. “Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans”. J Clin Invest, 2009. 119(5): p. 1322-34.

134. My research team conducted a study in schoolkids from economically deprived parts of Los Angeles and found that they were up to seven times more likely to be obese than kids from more affluent neighborhoods

Shih, M, Dumke, KA, Goran, MI, and Simon, PA. “The association between community-level economic hardship and childhood obesity prevalence in Los Angeles”. Pediatr Obes, 2012.

135. A major factor explaining differences in obesity prevalence by two to four years of age is the number of sugary beverages they drink

Davis, JN, Whaley, SE, and Goran, MI. “Effects of breastfeeding and low sugar-sweetened beverage intake on obesity prevalence in Hispanic toddlers”. Am J Clin Nutr, 2012. 95(1): p. 3-8.

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